영문법 대명사: it·재귀대명사·지시대명사·부분 표현·부정대명사·most/almost·수 일치 총정리

영문법 대명사: it·재귀대명사·지시대명사·부분 표현·부정대명사·most/almost·수 일치 총정리

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1) 인칭대명사 it의 용법

it은 실제 대상을 가리키지 않는 비인칭 주어로서 날씨, 계절, 거리, 요일, 시간, 명암을 표현할 때 사용한다.

• 날씨: It is blazing hot today.
• 거리: How far is it from here to the art museum?
• 계절: It is early spring now.
• 요일: What day is it? It is Wednesday.
• 시간: What time is it? It is ten to six.
• 명암: It is still bright outside at 7 p.m. in summer.

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2) 재귀대명사

재귀대명사는 -self / -selves 형태이며 주어와 목적어가 동일할 때 사용한다. 재귀적 용법과 강조적 용법이 핵심이며, 자주 쓰는 관용표현까지 익히면 표현력이 높아진다.

2-1) 재귀적 용법

재귀대명사는 타동사·전치사의 목적어로 쓰이며 생략 불가하다.

• 타동사 목적어: Sb prepared himself thoroughly for the second interview.
• 전치사 목적어: She spoke to herself in a low voice before the presentation.
• 관용형 전치사구: Sb was beside herself with anger when the plan was leaked.

2-2) 강조적 용법

주어 또는 목적어를 강조하기 위해 문장 끝이나 직후에 둔다. 이때는 생략 가능하다.

• I checked the final numbers myself.
• Sb repaired the device himself after reading the manual.

주의: 재귀대명사는 명사 앞에서 형용사처럼 쓸 수 없다.

• I need my own workspace.(O) / I need myself workspace.(X)

2-3) 재귀대명사 관용표현

• by oneself: 혼자서 → Sb finished the assignment by himself.
• for oneself: 혼자 힘으로 → She built the portfolio for herself.
• of itself: 저절로 → The door opened of itself in the wind.
• in itself: 본질적으로 → The proposal in itself is reasonable.
• to oneself: 자기 혼자에게만 → Sb kept the discovery to himself.
• on one’s own: 혼자서, 혼자의 힘으로 → She moved to a new city on her own.
• lose oneself: 길을 잃다 → Sb lost himself in the narrow alleys.
• help oneself to ~: 마음껏 먹다 → Please help yourself to some fruit.
• behave oneself: 얌전히 굴다 → Children were asked to behave themselves during the tour.
• beside oneself: 제정신이 아닌, 미친 → Sb was beside himself with joy after the results.
• enjoy oneself: 재미있게 보내다 → They enjoyed themselves at the festival.
• pride oneself on ~: ~을 자랑하다 → Sb prides herself on her punctuality.
• absent oneself from ~: ~에 결석하다 → Sb absented himself from the meeting due to illness.
• present oneself at ~: ~에 참여하다 → Candidates must present themselves at the venue by 9 a.m.
• avail oneself of ~: ~을 이용하다 → Sb availed himself of the discount program.
• accustom oneself to ~: ~에 익숙해지다 → She accustomed herself to the new schedule.
• one’s own + 명사 = 명사 + of one’s own: ‘-만의, 자신의’ → Sb has a studio of his own = Sb has his own studio.
• in spite of oneself: 무의식적으로 → Sb smiled in spite of himself.

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3) 지시대명사

3-0) 의미 표

지시대명사 의미

this / these	이것 / 이것들
that / those	저것 / 저것들
such	그런 사람·사물
same	같은 것·일
so	그런 일, 그렇게

3-1) this/these, that/those

1. 앞에서 이미 언급된 명사 대용에는 that/those를 사용하며, 수식어가 오는 경우가 많다.
   • Our newest tablet is lighter than that of Brand B.
   • This year’s margins are higher than those of last year.
2. the+명사 반복을 피하고 비교할 때 that/those로 치환한다.
   • The GDP of Country X is much larger than that of Country Y.
3. 문장 전체를 받기: that은 앞문장, this는 뒷문장을 받는다.
   • He will likely secure the contract. That will reassure investors.
   • Keep this in mind: Always verify your sources.
4. those = 사람들: 뒤에 who, -ed, -ing, 전치사구 수식이 온다.
   • Those seeking internships should submit by Friday.
   • We support those with limited experience through mentoring.
5. those who ~: ~하는 사람들
   • Opportunities favor those who prepare well.

주의:

• 인칭대명사는 수식 불가 → for those who…(O) / for them who…(X)
• anyone은 단수 동사, those는 복수 동사
• whoever = anyone who, 중복 피하기

3-2) such

• such + 명사 + that = so + 형/부 + that
  • It was such a noisy hall that sb could hardly focus.
  • = The hall was so noisy that sb could hardly focus.
• such(quite/rather) + 형용사 + 명사
  • She is rather a capable negotiator.

3-3) so

• 목적어/보어: I believe so / The answer is so.
• 역시 그러하다: so/neither + 조동사 + 주어
  • Sb enjoys hiking. So do I.
  • Sb doesn’t drink coffee. Neither do I.

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4) 전체 중 일부 표현

4-1) 형태와 수 일치

• one of the + 복수명사 + 단수동사: One of the finalists is absent.
• each of the + 복수명사 + 단수동사: Each of the options has pros and cons.
• (n)either of the + 복수명사 + 단수동사: Neither of the answers is correct.
• much of the + 불가산명사 + 단수동사: Much of the data is incomplete.
• little/a little/less of the + 불가산명사: A little of the information is outdated.
• several of the + 복수명사 + 복수동사: Several of the members were late.
• both of the + 복수명사 + 복수동사: Both of the solutions work well.
• many/few/a few/fewer of the + 복수명사 + 복수동사: Few of the applicants meet the standard.
• none of the + 복수명사/불가산명사 + 단수·복수: None of the tickets are left / None of the water is clean.
• all/most/some/any/half/more of the + 복수명사/불가산명사: 동사는 대상 가산성에 맞춘다.
  • Most of the students are ready. / Most of the furniture is new.

4-2) 단독 사용

• Of the several proposals, few were feasible.
• For many, the merger seemed beneficial for both sides.

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5) 부정대명사

5-1) one

• 일반 사람: One should double-check sources before sharing.
• 명사 반복 회피: If sb needs a charger, I can lend you one.
• 형용사 + one(s): Your backpack is a sturdy one.
• one 생략 규칙: 불가산 대체 불가, 소유격/own 뒤, 기수·서수 뒤, 최상급/비교급 뒤 생략 가능

5-2) another, other, others

• another: 또 하나/다른 하나, 단수 명사
  • I need another seat near the aisle.
  • another + 수사 + 복수명사 가능 → We need another two volunteers.
• the other: 둘 중 나머지 하나
• others: 다른 것/사람들(복수)
• the others: 나머지 전부
• other: 형용사로 복수·불가산 수식
• each other / one another: 상호 관계

패턴 정리

• 2개: one~, the other~
• 3개: one~, another~, the other~
• 3개 이상: one~, the others~ / some~, others~

5-3) none, no

• none: 가산·불가산 모두 가능, 동사 수 단수·복수 모두 가능
• no: not any 역할, 명사 앞 형용사

5-4) all, each, every

• all: 단수·복수 모두 가능
• every + 기수 + 복수명사 = every + 서수 + 단수명사

5-5) any, some

• any: 주로 부정·의문·조건문, 긍정문에서는 ‘어떤 ~라도’
• some: 주로 긍정문에서 ‘일부/약간’
• any 뒤에는 단수/복수/불가산 모두 가능

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6) most / almost / mostly

구분 품사·의미 예문

most	형용사·대명사: 대부분 / 부사: (the+) 가장	Most people prefer simple rules / He is the most efficient member.
almost	부사: 거의	It is almost impossible to finish today.
mostly	부사: 대개, 주로	This district is mostly residential.

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7) 혼동하기 쉬운 대명사와 수 일치

• many + 복수동사: Many are missing from the list.
• much + 단수동사: Much remains to be clarified.
• most + 단수/복수: Most information is confidential / Most employees are remote.
• no one + 단수동사: No one knows the answer.
• both + 복수동사: Both are acceptable.
• none + 단수/복수: None is left / None are left.
• some + 단수/복수: Some advice is helpful / Some questions are tricky.
• each / every + 단수동사: Each of the boys has his bag.
• either/neither of the + 복수명사 + 단수동사: I won’t buy either of the books. / Neither of the proposals is feasible.
• any + 단수/복수/불가산: If you have any complaint, just contact me. / If you have any complaints, just contact me.

 

 

 

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