영어 부정사(Infinitive) 완전 정복: 형태·용법·의미상 주어·시제·태·관용표현 총정리

영어 부정사(Infinitive) 완벽 가이드: 형태·용법·의미상 주어·시제·태·관용표현 총정리

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1. 부정사의 형태

형태 구성 주 사용처 예문(새로 작성)

원형부정사	동사원형	조동사 뒤, 지각동사(see, hear, feel 등) 뒤 목적보어, 사역동사(make, let, have 등) 뒤 목적보어, 일부 관용구	I saw her leave the office. / They made me wait outside.
to부정사	to + 동사원형	명사적·형용사적·부사적 용법 전반	We decided to expand our service.

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2. to부정사의 역할

2-1. 명사 역할(주어·목적어·보어)

자리 설명 예문(새로 작성)

주어	“~하는 것”	To open a plant in Chiba will create hundreds of jobs.
목적어	타동사의 목적어	We would like to express our sincere thanks.
보어	주어 보충	Her dream is to become a curator.

learn 특이점

• 방법 의미: learn + how to V
  • I learned how to handle complaints.
• 익숙해짐·습득: learn to V
  • I learned to stay calm under pressure.

과거 소망 + 완료부정사(불이행 과거 소망)

• He expected to have met her last month. = He had expected to see her last month, but he didn’t.

주의: to부정사는 전치사의 목적어가 되지 않는다

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2-2. 형용사 역할

(1) 한정적 용법(명사 뒤 수식: “~할/하기 위한/할 수 있는”)

명사 + to부정사 의미 예문(새로 작성)

somebody to rely on	의지할 누군가	I need someone to rely on during the project.
a friend to talk to	대화할 친구	She found a friend to talk to after work.
a house to live in	살 집	They are looking for a house to live in.
something to write with	필기구	Please bring something to write with.
money to live on	생활비	He saved money to live on during college.
nothing to complain of	불평할 것이 없음	There is nothing to complain of regarding the service.
children to take care of	돌볼 아이들	She has children to take care of at home.

(2) 서술적 용법(be + to부정사: 예정/의무/가능/운명/의도)

의미 예문(새로 작성)

예정	They are to arrive at five.
의무	You are to follow the lab rules at all times.
가능	No help was to be found that night.
운명	He was to become a key figure during the crisis.
의도	If you are to succeed, you must be disciplined.

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2-3. 부사 역할

의미 핵심 표지 설명 예문(새로 작성)

목적	in order to / so as to	“~하기 위해”	We paused in order to gather feedback.
이유	감정 동사·형용사 뒤	감정의 원인	We were pleased to offer a complimentary upgrade.
결과	live/grow/awake/try/hurry/return/wake up 등 뒤 to부정사	“V해서 그 결과 ~하다”, only/never와 빈출	He hurried home only to find the lock broken.

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2-4. 독립부정사(문장 전체 수식)

표현 의미 예문(새로 작성)

to tell the truth	사실을 말하자면	To tell the truth, we underestimated the cost.
to begin with	우선	To begin with, align the scope.
to be sure	확실히	To be sure, the sample size is small.
so to speak	말하자면	It is, so to speak, a soft launch.
strange to say	이상하지만	Strange to say, no one reported the error.
to make matters worse	설상가상으로	To make matters worse, the server went down.
to make matters better	금상첨화로	To make matters better, the vendor cut fees.
to be frank with you	솔직히 말해서	To be frank with you, the draft needs work.

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2-5. 진주어·진목적어(it 구문)

기본형 변환형 예문(새로 작성)

S + V + it + 형/명 + to V	to V가 진목적어	I found it difficult to negotiate alone.
It + be + 형/명 + to V	to V가 진주어	It is essential to verify every figure.

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3. to부정사와 자주 결합하는 표현

3-1. to부정사를 목적어로 취하는 동사

want, hope, wish, refuse, promise, expect, agree, decide, demand, plan, afford, aim, ask, desire, manage, fail, offer, choose, seem, tend, hesitate, claim, qualify(qualify for + N는 전치사), be ready(for + N / to V), threaten, need

to부정사·동명사 모두 가능: start, like, love, begin, hate, continue, propose, prefer, intend

예문

• They decided to relocate the office.
• She managed to resolve the conflict.
• We began to roll out updates / began ~ing quietly.

3-2. 목적격보어로 to부정사(5형식)

force, forbid, convince, cause, compel, order, request, require, remind, expect, encourage, enable, ask, allow, advise, persuade, urge, teach, get, tell, permit, want, invite, need, intend, warn, instruct, direct, prepare, contract, suppose, command, obligate, think(think A to V, 또는 think that S V)

enable은 수동태 비자연적 용례가 많아 회피하는 경향이 있다(be enabled to 대신 be able to 선호)

예) The mentor encouraged us to apply again.

3-3. 명사 + to부정사 콜로케이션

decision, plan, need, ability, capacity, chance, opportunity, right, authority, attempt, effort, permission, way, means(수단), intention + to V

• We had an opportunity to partner with them.
• There is no way to guarantee success.

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4. 부정사의 명사적 성향 — 의미상 주어

4-1. 언제 생략하고 언제 표기하는가

• 일반인을 가리키거나 문맥상 주절 주어/목적어와 동일하면 생략한다.
• 문두 현수부정사는 주절 주어와 동일해야 자연하다.
  • To get well, she needs an operation.(O)
  • To get well, an operation is needed.(X, 주체 불일치)
• 5형식에서는 목적어가 to부정사 행위 주체
  • I forced him to open the door.

4-2. 의미상 주어 표기 공식

패턴 설명 예문(새로 작성)

S + V + O + to V	5형식	We asked the team to pause the rollout.
S + V + (형) + for + O + to V	for + 목적격	It’s urgent for us to notify clients.
S + V + 성격형용사 + of + O + to V	인성형용사	It was wise of her to document everything.
It takes 시간 for 사람 to V	동치: It takes 사람 시간 to V	It took two hours for him to restore the DB.

4-3. 형용사군별 선택: for vs of

형용사군 전치사 예문

이성적 판단: essential, necessary, required, urgent, important, vital, natural, advisable, right, rational	for + 목적격	It is necessary for us to revise the spec. / The spec is necessary for us to revise.
인성(성격): kind, considerate, thoughtful, good, polite, rude, nice, wise, sensible, foolish, silly, dumb	of + 목적격	It was kind of you to wait. / You are kind to wait.
난이: easy, hard, difficult, safe, dangerous, comfortable, impossible	for + 목적격	The book is difficult for beginners to follow.※ 난이 형용사는 that절을 진주어로 쓰지 않는다

4-4. 사람만 주어 가능한 형용사·동사

범주 규칙 예문

감정 과거분사	사람 + be surprised/glad to V	She was surprised to hear the news.
certain류(판단 형용사)	It is ~ that S V 구조만 허용, to V 불가	It is certain that demand will slow.
sure	사람 주어 + be sure (to V/that) 가능, 사물 주어 + be sure 불가	I am sure to finish today. / I am sure that we can finish.

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5. 부정사의 동사적 성향 — 시제와 태

5-1. 표로 보는 시제·태

시점/태 능동 수동 해석

단순	to V	to be p.p	주절과 같은 시점의 행위
완료	to have p.p	to have been p.p	주절보다 이전 행위

예문

• She seems to have finished the draft.(완료)
• The applicant hopes to be hired this quarter.(수동)

소망동사 과거 + 완료부정사(충족되지 않은 기대)

• I hoped to have met her then. = I had hoped to see her then.

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6. 부정사 관련 핵심 관용구

표현 의미 등가/확장 예문(새로 작성)

had better + R	~하는 편이 낫다	—	You had better submit by noon.
cannot but + R	~하지 않을 수 없다	= cannot help -ing	We cannot but accept the terms.
do nothing but + R	오로지 ~하기만 하다	—	He does nothing but complain lately.
would rather + R	차라리 ~하고 싶다	= would sooner + R, had rather + R, prefer to R rather than (to) R; prefer N to N / V-ing to V-ing	I would rather skip the meeting than join late.
All S have to do is (to) V	해야 할 것은 ~뿐이다	All S do is (to) V / All S need is to V	All you have to do is to sign here.
come/get/learn/grow + to V	~하게 되다	—	I came to realize the risk.
be동사 + to부정사	의무/예정	—	All staff are to comply with safety rules. / The team is to meet this afternoon.

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7. 가주어·가목적어 변환 공식

원형 변환 예문(새로 작성)

To V + be + 형/명	It + be + 형/명 + to V	To be a good mentor is hard. → It is hard to be a good mentor.
S + V + to V + 형/명	S + M/B/C/F/T/I + it + 형/명 + to V	I found it helpful to take notes.

M/B/C/F/T/I: make, believe, consider, find, think, imagine

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8. to부정사의 관용적 표현들

표현 의미 비고/주의 예문(새로 작성)

be about to R	막 ~하려 하다	즉시성 강조, 시간부사와 잘 결합	We are about to launch the beta.
be apt to R	~하는 경향이 있다	흔히 부정적 경향	Legacy code is apt to break under load.
be free to R	자유로이 ~하다	허용·권한	You are free to ask any question.
be likely to R	~할 것 같다	확률적 추정	Demand is likely to rebound in Q4.
be ready to R	~할 준비가 되어 있다	준비 완료	The docs are ready to share.
be sure to R	반드시 ~하다	강한 확신·예측	Be sure to back up the DB.
be willing to R	기꺼이 ~하다	자발성	She was willing to mentor interns.
enough to R	~할 정도로 충분히 ~한	형/부 + enough to R, enough + N	The room is big enough to host fifty.
had better R	~하는 것이 더 낫다	실질적 권고, 부정형 had better not	You had better not ignore the logs.
have no choice but to R	~하지 않을 수 없다	but 뒤 to R 유지	We have no choice but to postpone.
cannot but R = cannot help -ing	~하지 않을 수 없다	격식/구어 차이	I cannot but admire their persistence.
in order to R	~하기 위해	목적 부사구	We paused in order to regroup.
so as to R	~하기 위해	격식·문어	Update the spec so as to reduce ambiguity.
too ~ to R	너무 ~해서 ~할 수 없다	주어-의미상 주어 일치 주의	The file is too large to upload.
used to R	~하곤 했다	과거 습관·상태	We used to deploy weekly.
Why not R?	~하는 게 어때?	제안 의문문	Why not try a pilot first?
would rather R	오히려 ~하고 싶다	than과 함께 대조	I would rather iterate than overplan.
the last man to R	결코 ~할 사람이 아니다	man → person 가능	He is the last person to leak info.
be cut out to R	~하기로 되어 있다/적합하다	적성·자질	She is cut out to lead the task force.
come to R	~하게 되다	점진적 변화	I came to appreciate constraints.
so ~ as to R	매우 ~해서 ~하다	so + 형/부 + as to R	The manual is so clear as to be self-explanatory.

위 표는 원문 목록을 빠짐없이 반영하고, 의미·주의점·예문을 추가해 학습 편의성을 높인다

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9. 총괄 예문으로 규칙 점검

• 명사적: To automate tests reduces errors.
• 형용사적: We need tools to monitor latency.
• 부사적 목적: She paused to take a breath.
• 의미상 주어(for): It’s vital for the team to document decisions.
• 의미상 주어(of): It was thoughtful of him to credit contributors.
• 완료부정사: He seems to have missed the deadline.
• 수동부정사: The patch is ready to be deployed.
• only to V 결과: He returned only to find the door locked.
• the ~, the ~(연계 아님이지만 문맥 예): The earlier we test, the fewer bugs remain.
• 관용표현: All we have to do is to submit the form. / I’d rather work late than ship bugs.

 

 

 

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