영어 문법 ‘태(Voice)’ 완전 정복: 능동태와 수동태 총 정리

영어 문법 ‘태(Voice)’ 완전 정복: 능동태와 수동태 총 정리

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1. 용어 정의

‘태(Voice)’란 문장에서 동사의 주어가 동작을 하는지, 아니면 동작을 당하는지를 나타내는 문법 요소이다. 영어에는 대표적으로 **능동태(Active Voice)**와 **수동태(Passive Voice)**가 존재한다.

• 능동태(Active Voice): 주어가 행동을 직접 수행함
• 예: The engineer designed the system.
• 수동태(Passive Voice): 주어가 행동을 당함
• 예: The system was designed by the engineer.

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2. 기본 예문

능동태 문장 수동태로 변환된 문장

She writes an email.	An email is written by her.
The team completed the project.	The project was completed by the team.
They will open the store at 9.	The store will be opened at 9 by them.
He is painting the wall.	The wall is being painted by him.

📌 수동태의 구성:

be 동사 + 과거분사(p.p.) + (by + 행위자)

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3. 대화 예문

A: Did you hear about the decision?

B: No, it hasn’t been announced yet.

A: I think it was shared this morning in the meeting.

B: Then it must have been missed somehow.

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4. 연습 문장

다음 능동태 문장을 수동태로 바꾸시오:

1. The artist drew a beautiful portrait.
2. They are cleaning the classroom.
3. She has finished the homework.
4. The company will launch a new product.
5. The dog chased the cat.

✅ 정답 예시:

1. A beautiful portrait was drawn by the artist.
2. The classroom is being cleaned by them.
3. The homework has been finished by her.
4. A new product will be launched by the company.
5. The cat was chased by the dog.

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5. 심화 학습

✅ 수동태에서 행위자 생략

• 주로 행위자가 불분명하거나 중요하지 않을 때 ‘by + 행위자’를 생략함
• 예: The door was left open. (누가 열었는지는 중요하지 않음)

✅ 시제별 수동태 구성 요약

시제 능동태 예문 수동태 예문

현재	She cooks dinner.	Dinner is cooked by her.
과거	She cooked dinner.	Dinner was cooked by her.
미래	She will cook dinner.	Dinner will be cooked by her.
현재진행	She is cooking dinner.	Dinner is being cooked by her.
과거진행	She was cooking dinner.	Dinner was being cooked by her.
현재완료	She has cooked dinner.	Dinner has been cooked by her.
과거완료	She had cooked dinner.	Dinner had been cooked by her.

✅ 4형식, 5형식 문장의 수동태

문형 능동태 문장 수동태 문장 예시

4형식	She gave me a book.	I was given a book. / A book was given to me.
5형식	They elected her president.	She was elected president.

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6. 관련 표현

• get + 과거분사: 구어체에서 흔히 쓰이는 수동형
  • He got hurt during the game. (= He was hurt during the game.)
• be supposed to + 동사원형: 의미상 수동 표현
  • The meeting is supposed to start at 10.
• 수동 표현에서의 다양한 전치사 사용

표현 의미

be known for something	~로 유명하다
be known to someone	~에게 알려져 있다
be known as something	~로서 알려져 있다

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7. 총괄 정리

• 영어에서 ‘태(Voice)’는 문장의 주어가 동작을 하는지(능동), **당하는지(수동)**를 구분하는 데 사용된다.
• 수동태는 be 동사 + 과거분사로 이루어지며, 시제에 따라 be 동사의 형태가 달라진다.
• 능동태 → 수동태로의 전환은 문장의 흐름을 바꾸어 강조점을 달리할 수 있는 유용한 문법이다.
• 특히 공식 문서, 뉴스, 과학적 기술서에서 수동태는 매우 자주 쓰인다.

👉 능동태와 수동태를 자유자재로 바꿀 수 있으면 영어 문장의 깊이와 다양성이 훨씬 풍부해진다.